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<P><center><table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 bgcolor="#C0C0C0" width=100%><tr><td align="center"><b><a name="Intro">Introduction</a></b></td></tr></table></center><P><a href="#top">[Top of Page]</a> <p><b>Background:</b> For most of its history since independence from British administration in 1946, Jordan was ruled by King HUSSEIN (1953-1999). A pragmatic ruler, he successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population, through several wars and coup attempts. In 1989 he resumed parliamentary elections and gradually permitted political liberalization; in 1994 a formal peace treaty was signed with Israel. <P><center><table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 bgcolor="#C0C0C0" width=100%><tr><td align="center"><b><a name="Geo">Geography</a></b></td></tr></table></center><P><a href="#top">[Top of Page]</a> <p><b>Location:</b> Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia <p><b>Geographic coordinates:</b> 31 00 N, 36 00 E <p><b>Map references:</b> Middle East <p><b>Area:</b> <br><i>total:</i> 89,213 sq km <br><i>land:</i> 88,884 sq km <br><i>water:</i> 329 sq km <p><b>Area - comparative:</b> slightly smaller than Indiana <p><b>Land boundaries:</b> <br><i>total:</i> 1,619 km <br><i>border countries:</i> Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km <p><b>Coastline:</b> 26 km <p><b>Maritime claims:</b> <br><i>territorial sea:</i> 3 nm <p><b>Climate:</b> mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) <p><b>Terrain:</b> mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River
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